TEMPORAL SUFFICIENCY OF PHYSICAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR CRITICAL AND MILITARY FACILITIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.15.05.2026.102Keywords:
physical protection systems, temporal sufficiency, reaction window, defender response time, critical facilities, military facilities, security assessmentSummary
This study develops a time-based framework for evaluating the sufficiency of physical protection systems for critical and military facilities. The proposed approach is based on the assumption that protection adequacy depends not only on the presence of defensive subsystems, but also on whether they operate within the available reaction interval before a threat reaches its critical target state. The framework interprets threat development as a staged temporal process and decomposes defender response into detection, decision making, deployment, and interruption components. On this basis, the study introduces the reaction window and formulates an explicit temporal sufficiency condition expressed through the balance between available time and total defender response time. The results show that the proposed model provides a more rigorous and operationally relevant basis for assessing protection adequacy than static or compliance-based approaches. The framework also demonstrates that early detection and delay measures are the principal mechanisms for improving temporal sufficiency in critical and military facilities.
Downloads
Downloads
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramil Akhundov, Aziz Talibov, Elshan Hashimov
References
Talibov, A. et al. (2026). Integral sensitivity indicator based on multilayer indicators for critical infrastructure and special-purpose facilities and the selection of measures. Grail of Science, (65). https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.03.04.2026.063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.03.04.2026.063
Akhundov, R., & Hashimov, E. (2026). Enhancing the physical protection of critical facilities through the integration of physical process models and machine learning. Grail of Science, 61, 722–731. https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.23.01.2026.083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.23.01.2026.083
Akhundov, R., & Hashimov, E. (2026). Modeling information processes and deriving measurable requirements in physical protection system design. Management Information System and Devices, 1(188), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.30837/0135-1710.2026.188.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30837/0135-1710.2026.188.005
Akhundov, R., Talibov, A., & Hashimov, E. (2026). Information processes in the conceptual design of physical protection systems. Grail of Science, (65), 655–671. https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.03.04.2026.073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.03.04.2026.073
Zou, B., Yang, M., Zhang, Y., Benjamin, E.-R., Tan, K., Wu, W., & Yoshikawa, H. (2018). Evaluation of vulnerable path: Using heuristic path-finding algorithm in physical protection system of nuclear power plant. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 23, 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2018.08.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2018.08.006
Reniers, G. L. L., & Audenaert, A. (2014). Preparing for major terrorist attacks against chemical clusters: Intelligently planning protection measures with respect to domino effects. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92(6), 583–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2013.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2013.04.002
Řehák, D., Senovsky, P., Hromada, M., & Lovecek, T. (2019). Complex approach to assessing resilience of critical infrastructure elements. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 25, 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2019.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2019.03.003
Shoop, B., et al. (2006). Mobile detection assessment and response systems (MDARS): A force protection physical security operational success. In Unmanned Systems Technology VIII (Vol. 6230, pp. 668–678). SPIE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.665939
Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., & Tone, K. (2000). Data envelopment analysis: A comprehensive text with models, applications, references, and DEA-Solver software. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b109347
Yang, J., Huang, L., Ma, H., Xu, Z., Yang, M., & Guo, S. (2022). A 2D-graph model-based heuristic approach to visual backtracking security vulnerabilities in physical protection systems. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 38, Article 100554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2022.100554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2022.100554
Akhundov, R., & Hashimov, E. G. (2025). Quantitative categorization of facilities and modeling of potential adversaries. Grail of Science, 60, 469–482. https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.26.12.2025.049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.26.12.2025.049
Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2015). A review and current status of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595440
El Wely, I. C., & Chetaine, A. (2020). Analysis of physical protection system effectiveness of nuclear power plants based on performance approach. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107980
Garcia, M. L. (2008). Design and evaluation of physical protection systems (2nd ed.). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-25612-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-055428-0.50005-1
Babayev, S. et al. (2026). Conceptual-theoretical foundations and the transformative role of artificial intelligence in multidomain operations. Grail of Science, 64, 606–615. https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.20.03.2026.069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.20.03.2026.069
Gündüz, M. Z., & Daş, R. (2020). Akıllı şebekelerde iletişim altyapısı ve siber güvenlik. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.655990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.655990
Akhundov, R., Talibov, A., & Hashimov, E. (2026). A probabilistic approach to risk formalization in physical protection systems for special purpose facilities. Grail of Science, 66, 456–475. https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.04.2026.051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.04.2026.051
Rehak, D., Slivkova, S., Janeckova, H., Stuberova, D., & Hromada, M. (2022). Strengthening resilience in the energy critical infrastructure: Methodological overview. Energies, 15(14), Article 5276. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145276
Kaplan, S., & Garrick, B. J. (1981). On the quantitative definition of risk. Risk Analysis, 1(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1981.tb01350.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1981.tb01350.x
Kostin, V., & Borovsky, A. (2020). Definition of basic violators for critically important objects using the information probability method and cluster analysis. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings (Vol. 2667, pp. 343–347). 6th International Conference Information Technology and Nanotechnology, Session Data Science, ITNT-DS 2020, Samara, Russian Federation.
Hashimov, E., Akhundov, R. G., Talibov, A. M., & Islamov, I. (2026). Constrained optimization of an integral security indicator for adaptive management of hazardous facilities. Grail of Science, 62, 1003–1014. https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.20.02.2026.109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.20.02.2026.109
Hashimov, E., et al. (2026). Research of the efficiency multiservice networks using MIMO technology. Advanced Information Systems, 10(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2026.1.08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2026.1.08
Kampova, K., Lovecek, T., & Řehák, D. (2020). Quantitative approach to physical protection systems assessment of critical infrastructure elements: Use case in the Slovak Republic. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 30, Article 100376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2020.100376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2020.100376
Lovecek, T., Ristvej, J., & Simak, L. (2010). Critical infrastructure protection systems effectiveness evaluation. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1613
Mondal, S., Adak, B., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2023). Functional and smart textiles for military and defence applications. In Smart and functional textiles (p. 397). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110759747-011
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
